According to reports, Ethereum is addressing the blockchain "trilemma" by integrating PeerDAS on mainnet with zkEVMs reaching "alpha" performance. Vitalik Buterin outlined a roadmap from 2026-2030 where proofs increasingly replace re-execution for block validation. This includes distributed block building to prevent transaction capture by a small group. The Fusaka upgrade, activated on December 3, 2025, introduced PeerDAS, which uses sampling to ensure data availability without requiring every node to download all data. Nodes subscribe to a small slice of blob data, checking random pieces to guarantee the whole thing is there. The Ethereum Foundation also introduced blob parameter-only forks (BPO), mini-upgrades that adjust blob targets and maximums without a hard fork. BPO1 raised the blob target and max on December 9, 2025, and BPO2 is set to raise them again on January 7, 2026.

According to reports, Ethereum is addressing the blockchain "trilemma" by integrating PeerDAS on mainnet with zkEVMs reaching "alpha" performance. Vitalik Buterin outlined a roadmap from 2026-2030 where proofs increasingly replace re-execution for block validation. This includes distributed block building to prevent transaction capture by a small group. The Fusaka upgrade, activated on December 3, 2025, introduced PeerDAS, which uses sampling to ensure data availability without requiring every node to download all data. Nodes subscribe to a small slice of blob data, checking random pieces to guarantee the whole thing is there. The Ethereum Foundation also introduced blob parameter-only forks (BPO), mini-upgrades that adjust blob targets and maximums without a hard fork. BPO1 raised the blob target and max on December 9, 2025, and BPO2 is set to raise them again on January 7, 2026.